Adrenaline (or epinephrine) was first isolated from adrenal extract at the turn of the century. Although Thomas Addison described the clinical features of primary adrenal failure in 1855, it was not until almost a century later that the adrenal hormones were fully isolated and characterized. The German comparative anatomist Albert von Kölliker (1817-1905), who noted the presence of the adrenals in a number of vertebrate species, is credited with first identifying two distinct portions of the adrenal gland, the cortex and the medulla. The adrenal glands were first described by the Italian anatomist Bartolomeo Eustachi in 1563.
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